Thioredoxin



Thioredoxin (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange. They contain a CXXC motif. Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein. Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific. In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence. Trx M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Trx, i.e. the crystal structure of human Thioredoxin (1ert).

Trx
3e3e, 2hsh, 1aiu, 1erv, 1erw, 3m9j, 3m9k – hTrx (mutant) – human

3kd0 - hTrx (mutant)+CdCl2

1cqg, 1cqh - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR

1mdi, 1mdj, 1mdk - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR

2hxk, 2ifq, 2iiy – hTrx S-nitroso

1auc, 1ert, 1eru, 1trs, 1tru, 1trv, 1trw, 3trx, 4trx - hTrx

3hxs – BfTrx fragment – Bacteroides fragilis

3hyp - BfrxI fragment (mutant)

3hz4 – Trx – Methanosarcina mazei

2k9f - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – Neisseria meningitides – NMR

3die – SaTrx (mutant) – Staphylococcus aureus

2voc - BsTrx (mutant) – Bacillus subtilis

2gzy, 2gzz – BsTrx – NMR

2ipa – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR

2h6x, 2trx, 1srx – EcTrx

1xoa, 1xob – EcTrx - NMR

1m7t – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR

3dxb – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal

3emx – Trx – Aeropyrum pernix

2vim – Trx – Fasciola hepatica

2yzu, 2cvk, 1v98 – TtTrx – Thermus thermophilus

2e0q – Trx (mutant) – Sulfolobus tokodaii

2o7k – SaTrx

2o85, 2o87, 2o89 – SaTrx (mutant)

2i4a – Trx – Acetobacter aceti

2j23 – Trx – Malassezia sympodialis

2f51 – Trx – Trichomonas vaginalis

1t00 – Trx – Streptomyces coelicolor

1xw9, 1xwa, 1xwb, 1xwc – Trx – Drosophila melanogaster

1rqm, 1nsw, 1nw2 – Trx (mutant) – Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius – NMR

1syr – Trx – Plasmodium falciparum

1r26 – Trx – Trypanosoma brucei brucei

1gl8 – Trx – spinach- NMR

1fo5 – Trx – Methanocaldococcus janaschii – NMR

1quw – Trx – Bacillus acidocaldarius – NMR

2l5l – Trx – Bacteroides vulgatus – NMR

2tir - EcTrx (mutant) – Escherichia coli

2xbi – SmTrx – Schistosoma mansoni

2xbq, 2xc2 – SmTrx (mutant)

Trx-1
3f3q, 2i9h – yTrx-1 – yeast

3f3r – yTrx-1 (mutant)

3dyr, 2h6y, 2h6z, 2h70, 2h71, 2h72, 2h73, 2h74, 2h75, 2h76, 2fch, 2fd3, 1keb, 2eio, 2eiq, 2eir, 1zcp, 1zzy, 1txx, 1tho – EcTrx-1 (mutant)

1f6m – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+

2ajq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7

1zyq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP

1x9m, 1x9s, 1x9w – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA

1t8e – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP

1tk0 – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine

1tk5 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine

1tk8 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine

1tkd - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine

1skr - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP

1sks, 1skw, 1sl0, 1sl1, 1sl2 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine

1t7p - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP

2bto – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – Prosthecobacter dejongeii

1oaz – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat

Trx-2
1w4v, 1w89, 1uvz – hTrx-2

3hhv – Trx-2 fragment – Sulfolobus solfataricus

2fa4 – yTrx-2

2hsy – yTrx-2 - NMR

3pin - yTrx-2+peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase

2ppt – Trx-2 – Rhodobacter capsulatus

1thx – Trx-2 – Anabaena

Trx-3
2oe0, 2oe1, 2oe3 – yTrx-3

Trx C
2i1u – MtTrx C – Mycobacterium tuberculosis

3nof – MtTrx (mutant)

3o6t – MtTrx (mutant)+quinol

Trx F
2pu9 – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis

2pvo - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1

1f9m – sTrx F – spinach

1faa - sTrx F (mutant)

Trx H
3d21 – pTrx H – poplar

3d22 - pTrx H (mutant)

1ti3 - pTrx H - NMR

2vlt, 2vlu, 2vlv, 2vm1, 2vm2 - bTrx H – barley

2iwt - bTrx H+alpha-amylase subtilisin inhibitor

1wmj – Trx H – Oryza sativa – NMR

1xfl – Trx H – Arabidopsis thaliana - NMR

1ep7 – CrTrx H – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

1ep8 - CrTrx H (mutant)

1tof - CrTrx H - NMR

Trx M
2puk - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase

1fb0, 1fb6 - sTrx M

1dby – CrTrx M – NMR